Kev txhim kho sai ntawm cov hlau thiab hlau kev lag luam tau tsim ntau qhov nyuaj-rau-kho cov dej khib nyiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog coking cov dej tsis huv, uas muaj cov tshuaj lom ntau, muaj teeb meem, thiab nyuaj-rau-rau-rau degrade high-concentration organic teeb meem. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab kev hloov pauv loj hauv dej zoo thiab ntim. Kev kho cov dej khib nyiab ntau zuj zus ua rau tib neeg muaj kev txhawj xeeb. Ua tib zoo mloog. Tam sim no, kev kho cov dej khib nyiab feem ntau yog cov txheej txheem kho kab mob lom neeg, cov txheej txheem flocculation thiab coagulation, thiab cov txheej txheem adsorption. Cov dej khib nyiab coking muaj qhov tsis zoo biodegradability thiab yuav tsum tau muab diluted rau hauv qhov ntau ua ntej kev kho biochemical. Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob biochemical COD (xav tau cov pa oxygen) thiab cov ntsiab lus ammonia nitrogen nyuaj rau ua tau raws li tus txheej txheem tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav tsum tau kho ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov kev kho mob thev naus laus zis tau ua tiav cov nqi ua haujlwm siab, thiab nws nyuaj rau ua kom qee yam tshuaj lom thiab muaj teeb meem puas tsuaj, thiab lawv muaj feem ua rau muaj kuab paug theem ob. Raws li qhov xwm txheej tam sim no ntawm kev kho cov dej khib nyiab, nws yog qhov tsim nyog heev los kawm paub siv tshuab zoo thiab ib puag ncig zoo.
Cov txheej txheem Oxidation Advanced (AOPs) siv cov tshuaj hydroxyl radicals uas tsis tshua muaj zog (· OH) tsim tawm hauv cov txheej txheem tshuaj tua kab mob cov pa phem ua kua molecules, thiab thaum kawg oxidize cov pa phem phem rau CO2, H2O thiab lwm yam tsis muaj kuab lom Cov kua qaub me me yog ntsuab, ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg thiab txuag dej siv thev naus laus zis. Tam sim no, thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis feem ntau suav nrog tshuaj oxidation, photochemical oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, ntub catalytic oxidation, thiab lwm yam.
▶ Tshuaj oxidation
Txoj hauv kev no siv cov tshuaj oxidants los hloov cov kua lossis cov pa roj carbon inorganic lossis cov organic mus rau cov tshuaj lom me me lossis tsis muaj tshuaj lom lossis hloov lawv mus rau hauv cov ntawv sib cais yooj yim. Feem ntau siv cov tshuaj oxidants hauv kev kho dej yog ozone, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate thiab cov zoo li no. Hauv txheej txheem kho cov dej khib nyiab phenol, kev siv ozone thiab hydrogen peroxide feem ntau yog siv.
Tam sim no, ntau lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb tau siv ozone rau kev tua kab mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob hauv Europe, ozone tau siv hauv kev kho dej hauv cov nroj tsuag dej. Ntxiv cov khoom tiv thaiv zoo rau cov txheej txheem oxidation ozone, xws li cov pa roj carbon activated nrog thaj chaw loj. Ozone thiab activated carbon tau siv tib lub sijhawm los ua lub luag haujlwm catalytic thiab tuaj yeem nqus cov khoom lag luam me me tom qab ozone oxidation. Ob leeg ua ke nce OH- hauv kev daws teeb meem. Nws muaj cov txiaj ntsig sib xyaw los tsim ntau cov tshuaj hydroxyl radicals.
Hydrogen peroxide yog ib qho muaj zog oxidant. Nws muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation nrawm hauv cov tshuaj alkaline thiab yuav tsis nqa cov ions tsis huv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, nws tau siv tau zoo hauv kev kho mob ntawm ntau yam organic lossis cov pa phem tsis huv. Hydrogen peroxide tau siv los tshem COD hauv cov dej khib nyiab hauv lub sijhawm ntev. Txawm hais tias tus nqi ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg oxidation los kho cov dej khib nyiab ntau dua li tib neeg lub cev thiab cov txheej txheem lom neeg, txoj hauv kev no muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo nrog lwm txoj hauv kev kho, xws li tshuaj lom. Kev zom ua ntej ntawm cov dej tsis txaus lossis tsis yog biodegradable, cov kev kho ua ntej ntawm cov dej siab/cov dej ntws qis, thiab lwm yam. Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho tau los ntawm kev siv cov hlau ntsev hloov pauv. Txoj kev siv ntau tshaj plaws yog siv cov ntsev ntsev los qhib.
Ent Fenton' tus txheej txheem reagent.
Fenton cov tshuaj reagent, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov ntsev ua kom muaj ntsev thiab hydrogen peroxide sib xyaw hauv qee qhov piv txwv, tuaj yeem oxidize ntau cov organic molecules, thiab cov kab ke tsis xav tau qhov kub thiab txias siab. Fe2+ hauv cov tshuaj reagent tuaj yeem pib thiab txhawb nqa kev sib cais ntawm hydrogen peroxide, yog li tsim cov tshuaj hydroxyl radicals. Qee yam tshuaj lom thiab phom sij xws li phenol, chlorophenol, chlorobenzene thiab nitrophenol kuj tseem tuaj yeem oxidized los ntawm Fenton' s reagent thiab Fenton zoo li reagent.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm hydrogen peroxide thiab ozone thiab kev sib xyaw ntawm hydrogen peroxide thiab ultraviolet yog hu ua Fenton-like technology, thiab nws txoj hauv paus yog tib yam li Fenton thev naus laus zis.
▶Photochemical oxidation
Txoj hauv kev no yog tshuaj lom neeg ua los ntawm kev ua lub teeb. Nws xav tau cov lwg me me txhawm rau nqus hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb nthwv dej thiab zoo siab los tsim lub xeev cov tshuaj molecular, thiab tom qab ntawd hloov pauv mus rau lwm lub xeev ruaj khov, lossis dhau los ua cov khoom nruab nrab uas pib ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cua sov. Cov txiaj ntsig decomposition ntawm yooj yim ultraviolet lub teeb hluav taws xob tsis muaj zog. Los ntawm kev qhia txog qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (xws li H2O2, O3, thiab lwm yam) rau hauv txheej txheem ultraviolet lub teeb oxidation, kev kho cov dej khib nyiab tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua qub thiab qhov kev puas tsuaj tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm dua. Muaj ob txoj hauv kev photodegradation ntawm cov organic teeb meem: ncaj qha photodegradation thiab tsis ncaj qha photodegradation. Tus qub hais txog kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntawm cov organic teeb meem molecules nrog cov tshuaj hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig tom qab nqus tau lub zog hluav taws xob; tom kawg hais txog qee yam tshuaj uas twb muaj lawm hauv ib puag ncig cov organic Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nqus lub zog lub zog mus rau hauv lub xeev zoo siab thiab tom qab ntawd ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov organic teeb meem thiab cov pa phem. Ntawm lawv, qhov tsis pom kev tsis zoo ntawm cov organic teeb meem yog qhov tseem ceeb dua.
Qhov nthwv dej ntau uas tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem txheej txheej tshuaj tua kab mob yog 200nm ~ 700nm, uas yog, qhov ntau ntawm ultraviolet lub teeb thiab pom lub teeb. Photochemical oxidation muaj daim ntawv thov tswj huab cua thiab kev kho cov dej tsis huv. Nws tuaj yeem faib ua UV/O3, UV/H2O2, UV/Fenton thiab lwm yam tshuab raws li hom tshuaj oxidants. Tsis hais txog ntawm qhov system, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob feem ntau ua rau cov organic los ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj hydroxyl radicals.
Piv txwv li, hauv UV/O3 system, theem ua kua ozone yuav decompose los tsim hydroxyl radicals nyob rau hauv ultraviolet hluav taws xob, thiab qhov nqus nqus ultraviolet nce mus txog qhov siab tshaj ntawm 253.7nm, uas tuaj yeem oxidize feem ntau cov organic teeb meem rau hauv CO2 thiab dej, thiab yog siv los kho cov hlau hauv cov dej khib nyiab. Cyanate, cov organic sib txuas, nitrogen-based acids, cawv, tshuaj tua kab, cov organic sib xyaw uas muaj nitrogen, leej faj lossis phosphorus, thiab cov tshuaj chlorinated thiab lwm yam pa phem.
▶Photocatalytic oxidation
Hauv txoj hauv kev no, photocatalyst (tseem hu ua photocatalyst) ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig catalytic nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws xob ntawm lub teeb ci ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb nthwv dej, yog li ntawd cov dej ib puag ncig cov dej thiab cov pa tau zoo siab los ua kom nquag plias · OH- thiab · O2 free ion pab pawg Cov thev naus laus zis photocatalytic oxidation siv catalysts xws li TiO2, ZnO, WO3, CdS, ZnS, SnO2 thiab Fe3O4.
TiO2 yog cov khoom siv feem ntau siv. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv photocatalytic, kev ua haujlwm photocatalytic ntawm TiO2 feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm theem siv lead ua, qhov loj me thiab thaj chaw tshwj xeeb. Thaum cov theem siv lead ua tau txiav txim siab, qhov loj ntawm cov pob zeb siv lead ua thiab thaj chaw tshwj xeeb dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv photocatalysis ntawm TiO2. Qhov me me ntawm qhov me me, qhov luv lub sijhawm nthuav tawm ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob thiab lub qhov, thiab qhov loj dua ntawm thaj chaw tshwj xeeb, ua tau zoo dua nws yog nqus cov pa phem hauv dej. Cov tshuaj los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm photocatalytic. Thaum cov catalyst particle loj mus txog qib nanometer, nws tseem tuaj yeem tsim cov txiaj ntsig quantum txhawm rau txhim kho lub teeb pom kev zoo thiab siv tus nqi, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhia ntawm kev tshawb fawb tam sim no.
Photocatalytic oxidation muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab ua haujlwm yooj yim. Ultraviolet lub teeb, simulated lub hnub ci thiab lub hnub ci tuaj yeem siv ua lub teeb pom kev zoo, thiab cov xwm txheej ntuj (xws li huab cua) tuaj yeem siv los ua tus txhawb nqa catalytic. Nws muaj cov haujlwm siab, ruaj khov zoo thiab tuaj yeem ua rau cov organic Cov kuab paug tsis zoo tag nrho thiab tsis muaj cov pa phem thib ob. Nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no, txhawm rau siv tag nrho cov teeb pom kev zoo los txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau ntau yam kev ua qias neeg, tib neeg tau ua haujlwm ntau hauv kev txhim kho cov haujlwm catalytic thiab nthuav dav qhov dav ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo, uas tseem hu ua kev hloov pauv ntawm cov catalysts. Kev hloov pauv hlau doping ntawm TiO2 tuaj yeem tsim kho lub zog hloov pauv tshiab los ntawm kev tso cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, yog li nthuav nws cov duab ntau ntxiv. Kev hloov kho xws li photosensitization tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm photocatalytic.
Daim ntawv thov kev lag luam ntawm photocatalytic oxidation feem ntau suav nrog kev kho cov dej khib nyiab, cov dej tsis huv siab ntau, thiab tshem tawm cov kuab paug nyuaj-rau-ua kom tsis zoo hauv cov txheej txheem kho kom zoo ntawm cov dej haus. Raws li qhov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj, TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation tsuas tuaj yeem nqa tawm hauv qhov nthwv dej ntau ntawm ultraviolet lub teeb, uas txwv qhov kev nthuav dav thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis photocatalytic. Ib qho ntxiv, kev txhim kho photocatalytic oxidation reactors tseem tsis tau paub tab, thiab nws nyuaj rau ua tiav cov txheej txheem loj.
▶Ntub dej oxidation
Txoj hauv kev no yog txheej txheem txheej txheem oxidation zoo uas siv cov tshuaj oxidants los oxidize cov organic teeb meem hauv cov dej khib nyiab mus rau hauv cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab dej hauv qhov kub thiab txias siab, yog li tshem cov pa phem. Txoj hauv kev muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm daim ntawv thov dav, ua haujlwm tau zoo, tsis muaj kuab paug theem ob, nrawm oxidation tus nqi, thiab rov siv tau lub zog thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig. Hauv Nyij Pooj thiab Tebchaws Meskas, hom kev siv no tau siv hauv kev tsim vaj tsev, yog thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis, thiab muaj kev cia siab rau kev txhim kho. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj hauv kev no tseem muaj teeb meem, uas yog, ntub oxidation feem ntau yuav tsum tau nqa tawm hauv qhov kub thiab txias. Cov khoom nruab nrab feem ntau yog cov kua qaub, uas xav tau cov cuab yeej siv siab, cov catalysts kim, thiab tsuas yog tsim rau cov dej ntws me me thiab cov dej tsis zoo siab ...
Cov txheej txheem oxidation ntub dej suav nrog ob hom: dej subcritical oxidation thiab supercritical dej oxidation. Supercritical water oxidation thev naus laus zis hais txog kev siv thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nyob rau hauv cov dej uas tau oxidized los kho cov kuab paug organic hauv cov xwm txheej supercritical. Hauv qab qhov kub thiab txias, yuav luag tag nrho cov organic teeb meem tuaj yeem ua kom oxidized thiab decomposed hauv lub sijhawm luv, uas ua rau luv luv lub sijhawm kho cov dej khib nyiab. Cov cuab yeej kho mob tau ntim tag nrho, uas txuag chaw thiab tsis muaj cov pa phem thib ob.
Hauv cov dej supercritical, qhov hnyav ntawm ntsev tau txo qis, thaum qhov kev sib tov ntawm cov tshuaj organic tau nce ntau. Piv txwv li, benzene, hexane, N2, O2, thiab lwm yam tuaj yeem ua tiav tsis raug nrog dej, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv qhov ntom ntom, viscosity thiab diffusion coefficient. Cov diffusion coefficient txo nrog qhov nce hauv ntom. Vim tias cov tshuab ntub dej oxidation siv qhov kub thiab txias siab dua, qhov ntom ntawm cov dej txo qis, qhov sib kis sib kis tau loj dua, thiab qhov hloov pauv huab cua tau nce sai.
Daim ntawv thov kev ntub dej oxidation feem ntau suav nrog kev kho cov dej khib nyiab, kev kho cov dej khib nyiab phenol, luam ntawv thiab zas xim dej thiab kho dej sludge, thiab lwm yam. Nrog kev pab ntawm kev kho biochemical, kev tso cov dej khib nyiab tuaj yeem ua tiav.
Kev siv thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis siab tuaj yeem ua kom cov pa phem nkag mus rau hauv cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab dej. Nws yog txheej txheem ua haujlwm zoo rau ib puag ncig, tab sis tus nqi ua haujlwm siab thaum ua kom cov pa phem phem zuj zus yog&"lub raj mis &"; txwv nws txoj kev txhawb nqa. Hauv Suav Teb' thev naus laus zis oxidation zoo, tshwj tsis yog qee qhov xws li Fenton txoj kev thiab ozone oxidation thev naus laus zis uas tau siv hauv kev kho dej tiag, qhov seem yog feem ntau hauv kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb lossis theem ntsuas me me. Tsuas yog los ntawm kev daws qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev nqis peev siab thiab kev kho tus nqi ntawm cov thev naus laus zis oxidation zoo, cov khoom siv xeb hnyav, thiab cov dej kho me me, tuaj yeem siv nws hauv kev lag luam tiag tiag kom nrawm dua. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis oxidation zoo tuaj yeem suav nrog raws li hauv qab no:
Ib qho yog tias qee cov thev naus laus zis xws li thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis thiab thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib cais ntawm cov dej khib nyiab, tab sis nws nyuaj thiab raug nqi los kho cov dej khib nyiab cais. Nws tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov thev naus laus zis biochemical los txo cov tshuaj lom lom lom ntawm cov dej coking thiab txhim kho biodegradability. , Thiab tom qab ntawd siv qis thiab siv cov txheej txheem biochemical zoo rau kev kho mob.
Qhov thib ob, thev naus laus zis xws li ntub catalytic oxidation thiab dej supercritical oxidation muaj cov cuab yeej xav tau siab thiab ua cov nqi siab. Kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb thiab kev txhim kho tuaj yeem ua tiav rau cov khoom siv reactor thiab cov nqi qis. Hauv kev kho cov dej khib nyiab, nyuaj rau kho cov dej tsis huv, xws li cov ammonia seem, yuav tsum tsis txhob sib xyaw nrog lwm cov dej khib nyiab, ua kom cov dej khib nyiab ntau ntxiv, thiab tom qab ntawd siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob saum toj saud los kho.
Qhov thib peb yog tsim lub tshuab hluav taws xob nrog cov qauv yooj yim, ua haujlwm tau zoo, lub teeb pom kev zoo thiab ua haujlwm ruaj khov mus sij hawm ntev, txhim kho kev kho mob ntawm cov tshuaj tua hluav taws xob thiab cov tshuab thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis, thiab ua ke nrog coagulation, adsorption thiab lwm yam thev naus laus zis.